RankGPT Reranker 演示（梵高维基）¶

本演示将 RankGPT 集成到 LlamaIndex 中作为重排序器。

论文: Is ChatGPT Good at Search? Investigating Large Language Models as Re-Ranking Agents

RankGPT 的思想

• 它是一个使用 LLM（ChatGPT 或 GPT-4 或其他 LLMs）进行零样本列表式段落重排序的方法
• 它采用置换生成方法和滑动窗口策略来高效地重排序段落。

在本示例中，我们以梵高的维基百科页面为例，比较使用/不使用 RankGPT 重排序的检索结果。我们展示两种模型用于 RankGPT

• OpenAI GPT3.5
• Mistral 模型。

In [ ]

%pip install llama-index-postprocessor-rankgpt-rerank
%pip install llama-index-llms-huggingface
%pip install llama-index-llms-huggingface-api
%pip install llama-index-llms-openai
%pip install llama-index-llms-ollama

%pip install llama-index-postprocessor-rankgpt-rerank %pip install llama-index-llms-huggingface %pip install llama-index-llms-huggingface-api %pip install llama-index-llms-openai %pip install llama-index-llms-ollama

In [ ]

import nest_asyncio

nest_asyncio.apply()

import nest_asyncio nest_asyncio.apply()

In [ ]

import logging
import sys

logging.basicConfig(stream=sys.stdout, level=logging.INFO)
logging.getLogger().addHandler(logging.StreamHandler(stream=sys.stdout))
from llama_index.core import VectorStoreIndex, SimpleDirectoryReader
from llama_index.core.postprocessor import LLMRerank
from llama_index.llms.openai import OpenAI
from IPython.display import Markdown, display

import logging import sys logging.basicConfig(stream=sys.stdout, level=logging.INFO) logging.getLogger().addHandler(logging.StreamHandler(stream=sys.stdout)) from llama_index.core import VectorStoreIndex, SimpleDirectoryReader from llama_index.core.postprocessor import LLMRerank from llama_index.llms.openai import OpenAI from IPython.display import Markdown, display

In [ ]

import os

OPENAI_API_KEY = "sk-"
os.environ["OPENAI_API_KEY"] = OPENAI_API_KEY

import os OPENAI_API_KEY = "sk-" os.environ["OPENAI_API_KEY"] = OPENAI_API_KEY

加载数据，构建索引¶

In [ ]

from llama_index.core import Settings

Settings.llm = OpenAI(temperature=0, model="gpt-3.5-turbo")
Settings.chunk_size = 512

from llama_index.core import Settings Settings.llm = OpenAI(temperature=0, model="gpt-3.5-turbo") Settings.chunk_size = 512

从 Wikipedia 下载梵高维基¶

In [ ]

from pathlib import Path
import requests

wiki_titles = [
    "Vincent van Gogh",
]


data_path = Path("data_wiki")

for title in wiki_titles:
    response = requests.get(
        "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php",
        params={
            "action": "query",
            "format": "json",
            "titles": title,
            "prop": "extracts",
            "explaintext": True,
        },
    ).json()
    page = next(iter(response["query"]["pages"].values()))
    wiki_text = page["extract"]

    if not data_path.exists():
        Path.mkdir(data_path)

    with open(data_path / f"{title}.txt", "w") as fp:
        fp.write(wiki_text)

from pathlib import Path import requests wiki_titles = [ "Vincent van Gogh", ] data_path = Path("data_wiki") for title in wiki_titles: response = requests.get( "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php", params={ "action": "query", "format": "json", "titles": title, "prop": "extracts", "explaintext": True, }, ).json() page = next(iter(response["query"]["pages"].values())) wiki_text = page["extract"] if not data_path.exists(): Path.mkdir(data_path) with open(data_path / f"{title}.txt", "w") as fp: fp.write(wiki_text)

In [ ]

# load documents
documents = SimpleDirectoryReader("./data_wiki/").load_data()

# load documents documents = SimpleDirectoryReader("./data_wiki/").load_data()

为该 Wikipedia 页面构建向量存储索引¶

In [ ]

index = VectorStoreIndex.from_documents(
    documents,
)

index = VectorStoreIndex.from_documents( documents, )

INFO:httpx:HTTP Request: POST https://api.openai.com/v1/embeddings "HTTP/1.1 200 OK"
HTTP Request: POST https://api.openai.com/v1/embeddings "HTTP/1.1 200 OK"

检索 + RankGPT 重排序¶

步骤

1. 设置检索器和重排序器（可选）
2. 在不重排序的情况下，根据搜索查询检索结果
3. 启用 RankGPT 重排序后，根据搜索查询检索结果
4. 比较使用和不使用重排序的结果

In [ ]

from llama_index.core.retrievers import VectorIndexRetriever
from llama_index.core import QueryBundle
from llama_index.postprocessor.rankgpt_rerank import RankGPTRerank

import pandas as pd
from IPython.display import display, HTML


def get_retrieved_nodes(
    query_str, vector_top_k=10, reranker_top_n=3, with_reranker=False
):
    query_bundle = QueryBundle(query_str)
    # configure retriever
    retriever = VectorIndexRetriever(
        index=index,
        similarity_top_k=vector_top_k,
    )
    retrieved_nodes = retriever.retrieve(query_bundle)

    if with_reranker:
        # configure reranker
        reranker = RankGPTRerank(
            llm=OpenAI(
                model="gpt-3.5-turbo-16k",
                temperature=0.0,
                api_key=OPENAI_API_KEY,
            ),
            top_n=reranker_top_n,
            verbose=True,
        )
        retrieved_nodes = reranker.postprocess_nodes(
            retrieved_nodes, query_bundle
        )

    return retrieved_nodes


def pretty_print(df):
    return display(HTML(df.to_html().replace("\\n", "<br>")))


def visualize_retrieved_nodes(nodes) -> None:
    result_dicts = []
    for node in nodes:
        result_dict = {"Score": node.score, "Text": node.node.get_text()}
        result_dicts.append(result_dict)

    pretty_print(pd.DataFrame(result_dicts))

from llama_index.core.retrievers import VectorIndexRetriever from llama_index.core import QueryBundle from llama_index.postprocessor.rankgpt_rerank import RankGPTRerank import pandas as pd from IPython.display import display, HTML def get_retrieved_nodes( query_str, vector_top_k=10, reranker_top_n=3, with_reranker=False ): query_bundle = QueryBundle(query_str) # configure retriever retriever = VectorIndexRetriever( index=index, similarity_top_k=vector_top_k, ) retrieved_nodes = retriever.retrieve(query_bundle) if with_reranker: # configure reranker reranker = RankGPTRerank( llm=OpenAI( model="gpt-3.5-turbo-16k", temperature=0.0, api_key=OPENAI_API_KEY, ), top_n=reranker_top_n, verbose=True, ) retrieved_nodes = reranker.postprocess_nodes( retrieved_nodes, query_bundle ) return retrieved_nodes def pretty_print(df): return display(HTML(df.to_html().replace("\\n", "
"))) def visualize_retrieved_nodes(nodes) -> None: result_dicts = [] for node in nodes: result_dict = {"Score": node.score, "Text": node.node.get_text()} result_dicts.append(result_dict) pretty_print(pd.DataFrame(result_dicts))

未进行重排序的检索前 3 个结果¶

In [ ]

new_nodes = get_retrieved_nodes(
    "Which date did Paul Gauguin arrive in Arles?",
    vector_top_k=3,
    with_reranker=False,
)

new_nodes = get_retrieved_nodes( "Which date did Paul Gauguin arrive in Arles?", vector_top_k=3, with_reranker=False, )

INFO:httpx:HTTP Request: POST https://api.openai.com/v1/embeddings "HTTP/1.1 200 OK"
HTTP Request: POST https://api.openai.com/v1/embeddings "HTTP/1.1 200 OK"

预期结果是:¶

After much pleading from Van Gogh, Gauguin arrived in Arles on 23 October and, in November, the two painted together. Gauguin depicted Van Gogh in his The Painter of Sunflowers;

In [ ]

visualize_retrieved_nodes(new_nodes)

visualize_retrieved_nodes(new_nodes)

	Score	Text
0	0.857523	Gauguin fled Arles, never to see Van Gogh again. They continued to correspond, and in 1890, Gauguin proposed they form a studio in Antwerp. Meanwhile, other visitors to the hospital included Marie Ginoux and Roulin.Despite a pessimistic diagnosis, Van Gogh recovered and returned to the Yellow House on 7 January 1889. He spent the following month between hospital and home, suffering from hallucinations and delusions of poisoning. In March, the police closed his house after a petition by 30 townspeople (including the Ginoux family) who described him as le fou roux "the redheaded madman"; Van Gogh returned to hospital. Paul Signac visited him twice in March; in April, Van Gogh moved into rooms owned by Dr Rey after floods damaged paintings in his own home. Two months later, he left Arles and voluntarily entered an asylum in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. Around this time, he wrote, "Sometimes moods of indescribable anguish, sometimes moments when the veil of time and fatality of circumstances seemed to be torn apart for an instant."Van Gogh gave his 1889 Portrait of Doctor Félix Rey to Dr Rey. The physician was not fond of the painting and used it to repair a chicken coop, then gave it away. In 2016, the portrait was housed at the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts and estimated to be worth over $50 million. \t\t\t \t\t\t \t\t \t\t \t\t\t \t\t\t \t\t \t\t \t\t\t \t\t\t \t\t \t\t \t\t\t \t\t\t \t\t ==== Saint-Rémy (May 1889 – May 1890) ==== Van Gogh entered the Saint-Paul-de-Mausole asylum on 8 May 1889, accompanied by his caregiver, Frédéric Salles, a Protestant clergyman. Saint-Paul was a former monastery in Saint-Rémy, located less than 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Arles, and it was run by a former naval doctor, Théophile Peyron. Van Gogh had two cells with barred windows, one of which he used as a studio. The clinic and its garden became the main subjects of his paintings.
1	0.853599	When he visited Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer in June, he gave lessons to a Zouave second lieutenant – Paul-Eugène Milliet – and painted boats on the sea and the village. MacKnight introduced Van Gogh to Eugène Boch, a Belgian painter who sometimes stayed in Fontvieille, and the two exchanged visits in July. \t\t\t \t\t\t \t\t \t\t \t\t\t \t\t\t \t\t \t\t \t\t\t \t\t\t \t\t \t\t \t\t\t \t\t\t \t\t ==== Gauguin's visit (1888) ==== When Gauguin agreed to visit Arles in 1888, Van Gogh hoped for friendship and to realize his idea of an artists' collective. Van Gogh prepared for Gauguin's arrival by painting four versions of Sunflowers in one week. "In the hope of living in a studio of our own with Gauguin," he wrote in a letter to Theo, "I'd like to do a decoration for the studio. Nothing but large Sunflowers."When Boch visited again, Van Gogh painted a portrait of him, as well as the study The Poet Against a Starry Sky.In preparation for Gauguin's visit, Van Gogh bought two beds on advice from the station's postal supervisor Joseph Roulin, whose portrait he painted. On 17 September, he spent his first night in the still sparsely furnished Yellow House. When Gauguin consented to work and live in Arles with him, Van Gogh started to work on the Décoration for the Yellow House, probably the most ambitious effort he ever undertook. He completed two chair paintings: Van Gogh's Chair and Gauguin's Chair.After much pleading from Van Gogh, Gauguin arrived in Arles on 23 October and, in November, the two painted together. Gauguin depicted Van Gogh in his The Painter of Sunflowers; Van Gogh painted pictures from memory, following Gauguin's suggestion. Among these "imaginative" paintings is Memory of the Garden at Etten. Their first joint outdoor venture was at the Alyscamps, when they produced the pendants Les Alyscamps. The single painting Gauguin completed during his visit was his portrait of Van Gogh.Van Gogh and Gauguin visited Montpellier in December 1888, where they saw works by Courbet and Delacroix in the Musée Fabre. Their relationship began to deteriorate; Van Gogh admired Gauguin and wanted to be treated as his equal, but Gauguin was arrogant and domineering, which frustrated Van Gogh. They often quarrelled; Van Gogh increasingly feared that Gauguin was going to desert him, and the situation, which Van Gogh described as one of "excessive tension", rapidly headed towards crisis point.
2	0.842413	=== Artistic breakthrough === ==== Arles (1888–89) ==== Ill from drink and suffering from smoker's cough, in February 1888 Van Gogh sought refuge in Arles. He seems to have moved with thoughts of founding an art colony. The Danish artist Christian Mourier-Petersen became his companion for two months, and, at first, Arles appeared exotic. In a letter, he described it as a foreign country: "The Zouaves, the brothels, the adorable little Arlésienne going to her First Communion, the priest in his surplice, who looks like a dangerous rhinoceros, the people drinking absinthe, all seem to me creatures from another world."The time in Arles became one of Van Gogh's more prolific periods: he completed 200 paintings and more than 100 drawings and watercolours. He was enchanted by the local countryside and light; his works from this period are rich in yellow, ultramarine and mauve. They include harvests, wheat fields and general rural landmarks from the area, including The Old Mill (1888), one of seven canvases sent to Pont-Aven on 4 October 1888 in an exchange of works with Paul Gauguin, Émile Bernard, Charles Laval and others. The portrayals of Arles are informed by his Dutch upbringing; the patchworks of fields and avenues are flat and lacking perspective, but excel in their use of colour.In March 1888, he painted landscapes using a gridded "perspective frame"; three of the works were shown at the annual exhibition of the Société des Artistes Indépendants. In April, he was visited by the American artist Dodge MacKnight, who was living nearby at Fontvieille. On 1 May 1888, for 15 francs per month, he signed a lease for the eastern wing of the Yellow House at 2 place Lamartine. The rooms were unfurnished and had been uninhabited for months.On 7 May, Van Gogh moved from the Hôtel Carrel to the Café de la Gare, having befriended the proprietors, Joseph and Marie Ginoux. The Yellow House had to be furnished before he could fully move in, but he was able to use it as a studio.

发现：未进行重排序时，正确结果排名第 2¶

使用 RankGPT 检索和重排序前 10 个结果，并返回前 3 个¶

In [ ]

new_nodes = get_retrieved_nodes(
    "Which date did Paul Gauguin arrive in Arles ?",
    vector_top_k=10,
    reranker_top_n=3,
    with_reranker=True,
)

new_nodes = get_retrieved_nodes( "Which date did Paul Gauguin arrive in Arles ?", vector_top_k=10, reranker_top_n=3, with_reranker=True, )

INFO:httpx:HTTP Request: POST https://api.openai.com/v1/embeddings "HTTP/1.1 200 OK"
HTTP Request: POST https://api.openai.com/v1/embeddings "HTTP/1.1 200 OK"
INFO:httpx:HTTP Request: POST https://api.openai.com/v1/chat/completions "HTTP/1.1 200 OK"
HTTP Request: POST https://api.openai.com/v1/chat/completions "HTTP/1.1 200 OK"
After Reranking, new rank list for nodes: [1, 6, 0, 2, 7, 9, 4, 5, 3, 8]

In [ ]

visualize_retrieved_nodes(new_nodes)

visualize_retrieved_nodes(new_nodes)

	Score	Text
0	0.852371	When he visited Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer in June, he gave lessons to a Zouave second lieutenant – Paul-Eugène Milliet – and painted boats on the sea and the village. MacKnight introduced Van Gogh to Eugène Boch, a Belgian painter who sometimes stayed in Fontvieille, and the two exchanged visits in July. \t\t\t \t\t\t \t\t \t\t \t\t\t \t\t\t \t\t \t\t \t\t\t \t\t\t \t\t \t\t \t\t\t \t\t\t \t\t ==== Gauguin's visit (1888) ==== When Gauguin agreed to visit Arles in 1888, Van Gogh hoped for friendship and to realize his idea of an artists' collective. Van Gogh prepared for Gauguin's arrival by painting four versions of Sunflowers in one week. "In the hope of living in a studio of our own with Gauguin," he wrote in a letter to Theo, "I'd like to do a decoration for the studio. Nothing but large Sunflowers."When Boch visited again, Van Gogh painted a portrait of him, as well as the study The Poet Against a Starry Sky.In preparation for Gauguin's visit, Van Gogh bought two beds on advice from the station's postal supervisor Joseph Roulin, whose portrait he painted. On 17 September, he spent his first night in the still sparsely furnished Yellow House. When Gauguin consented to work and live in Arles with him, Van Gogh started to work on the Décoration for the Yellow House, probably the most ambitious effort he ever undertook. He completed two chair paintings: Van Gogh's Chair and Gauguin's Chair.After much pleading from Van Gogh, Gauguin arrived in Arles on 23 October and, in November, the two painted together. Gauguin depicted Van Gogh in his The Painter of Sunflowers; Van Gogh painted pictures from memory, following Gauguin's suggestion. Among these "imaginative" paintings is Memory of the Garden at Etten. Their first joint outdoor venture was at the Alyscamps, when they produced the pendants Les Alyscamps. The single painting Gauguin completed during his visit was his portrait of Van Gogh.Van Gogh and Gauguin visited Montpellier in December 1888, where they saw works by Courbet and Delacroix in the Musée Fabre. Their relationship began to deteriorate; Van Gogh admired Gauguin and wanted to be treated as his equal, but Gauguin was arrogant and domineering, which frustrated Van Gogh. They often quarrelled; Van Gogh increasingly feared that Gauguin was going to desert him, and the situation, which Van Gogh described as one of "excessive tension", rapidly headed towards crisis point.
1	0.819758	==== Arles 的医院（1888 年 12 月） ==== 凡高割耳事件的确切过程尚不清楚。高更在十五年后说，事发当晚曾发生过几次身体威胁行为。他们的关系复杂，特奥可能欠高更钱，高更怀疑兄弟俩在经济上剥削他。凡高似乎很可能意识到高更打算离开。接下来的几天大雨，导致两人被困在黄房子里。高更回忆说，凡高在他出去散步后跟着他，并“拿着一把打开的剃刀冲向我”。这种说法没有得到证实；高更当晚几乎肯定不在黄房子里，很可能住在旅馆里。在 1888 年 12 月 23 日晚上的争执后，凡高回到房间，在那里他似乎听到声音，然后用剃刀割掉了左耳的部分或全部，导致严重出血。他包扎了伤口，用纸包好耳朵，然后把包裹送给了凡高和高更经常光顾的一家妓院的一名女子。第二天早上，凡高被一名警察发现昏迷不醒，并被送往医院，在那里接受了仍在培训的年轻医生费利克斯·雷的治疗。耳朵被带到医院，但雷医生没有尝试重新接上，因为时间过长。凡高研究员和艺术史学家伯纳黛特·墨菲发现了名叫加布里埃尔的这名女子的真实身份，她于 1952 年在阿尔勒去世，享年 80 岁，其后代至今（截至 2020 年）仍居住在阿尔勒附近。加布里埃尔，年轻时被称为“加比”，当时是凡高递给她耳朵的那家妓院和其他当地场所的一名 17 岁的清洁工。凡高对事件没有记忆，这表明他可能遭受了急性精神崩溃。医院诊断为“伴有全身性谵妄的急性躁狂症”，几天内，当地警方命令他接受医院护理。高更立即通知了特奥，特奥在 12 月 24 日向他的老朋友安德烈斯·邦格的妹妹约翰娜求婚。
2	0.855685	Gauguin fled Arles, never to see Van Gogh again. They continued to correspond, and in 1890, Gauguin proposed they form a studio in Antwerp. Meanwhile, other visitors to the hospital included Marie Ginoux and Roulin.Despite a pessimistic diagnosis, Van Gogh recovered and returned to the Yellow House on 7 January 1889. He spent the following month between hospital and home, suffering from hallucinations and delusions of poisoning. In March, the police closed his house after a petition by 30 townspeople (including the Ginoux family) who described him as le fou roux "the redheaded madman"; Van Gogh returned to hospital. Paul Signac visited him twice in March; in April, Van Gogh moved into rooms owned by Dr Rey after floods damaged paintings in his own home. Two months later, he left Arles and voluntarily entered an asylum in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. Around this time, he wrote, "Sometimes moods of indescribable anguish, sometimes moments when the veil of time and fatality of circumstances seemed to be torn apart for an instant."Van Gogh gave his 1889 Portrait of Doctor Félix Rey to Dr Rey. The physician was not fond of the painting and used it to repair a chicken coop, then gave it away. In 2016, the portrait was housed at the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts and estimated to be worth over $50 million. \t\t\t \t\t\t \t\t \t\t \t\t\t \t\t\t \t\t \t\t \t\t\t \t\t\t \t\t \t\t \t\t\t \t\t\t \t\t ==== Saint-Rémy (May 1889 – May 1890) ==== Van Gogh entered the Saint-Paul-de-Mausole asylum on 8 May 1889, accompanied by his caregiver, Frédéric Salles, a Protestant clergyman. Saint-Paul was a former monastery in Saint-Rémy, located less than 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Arles, and it was run by a former naval doctor, Théophile Peyron. Van Gogh had two cells with barred windows, one of which he used as a studio. The clinic and its garden became the main subjects of his paintings.

发现：经过 RankGPT 重排序后，排名第 1 的结果是包含答案的正确文本¶

使用其他 LLM 进行 RankGPT 重排序¶

使用 Ollama 服务本地 Mistral 模型¶

In [ ]

from llama_index.llms.ollama import Ollama

llm = Ollama(model="mistral", request_timeout=30.0)

from llama_index.llms.ollama import Ollama llm = Ollama(model="mistral", request_timeout=30.0)

In [ ]

from llama_index.core.retrievers import VectorIndexRetriever
from llama_index.core import QueryBundle
import pandas as pd
from IPython.display import display, HTML
from llama_index.llms.huggingface_api import HuggingFaceInferenceAPI
from llama_index.llms.huggingface import HuggingFaceLLM

from llama_index.postprocessor.rankgpt_rerank import RankGPTRerank


def get_retrieved_nodes(
    query_str, vector_top_k=5, reranker_top_n=3, with_reranker=False
):
    query_bundle = QueryBundle(query_str)
    # configure retriever
    retriever = VectorIndexRetriever(
        index=index,
        similarity_top_k=vector_top_k,
    )
    retrieved_nodes = retriever.retrieve(query_bundle)

    if with_reranker:
        # configure reranker
        reranker = RankGPTRerank(
            llm=llm,
            top_n=reranker_top_n,
            verbose=True,
        )
        retrieved_nodes = reranker.postprocess_nodes(
            retrieved_nodes, query_bundle
        )

    return retrieved_nodes

from llama_index.core.retrievers import VectorIndexRetriever from llama_index.core import QueryBundle import pandas as pd from IPython.display import display, HTML from llama_index.llms.huggingface_api import HuggingFaceInferenceAPI from llama_index.llms.huggingface import HuggingFaceLLM from llama_index.postprocessor.rankgpt_rerank import RankGPTRerank def get_retrieved_nodes( query_str, vector_top_k=5, reranker_top_n=3, with_reranker=False ): query_bundle = QueryBundle(query_str) # configure retriever retriever = VectorIndexRetriever( index=index, similarity_top_k=vector_top_k, ) retrieved_nodes = retriever.retrieve(query_bundle) if with_reranker: # configure reranker reranker = RankGPTRerank( llm=llm, top_n=reranker_top_n, verbose=True, ) retrieved_nodes = reranker.postprocess_nodes( retrieved_nodes, query_bundle ) return retrieved_nodes

In [ ]

new_nodes = get_retrieved_nodes(
    "Which date did Paul Gauguin arrive in Arles ?",
    vector_top_k=10,
    reranker_top_n=3,
    with_reranker=True,
)

new_nodes = get_retrieved_nodes( "Which date did Paul Gauguin arrive in Arles ?", vector_top_k=10, reranker_top_n=3, with_reranker=True, )

INFO:httpx:HTTP Request: POST https://api.openai.com/v1/embeddings "HTTP/1.1 200 OK"
HTTP Request: POST https://api.openai.com/v1/embeddings "HTTP/1.1 200 OK"
INFO:httpx:HTTP Request: POST http://localhost:11434/api/chat "HTTP/1.1 200 OK"
HTTP Request: POST http://localhost:11434/api/chat "HTTP/1.1 200 OK"
After Reranking, new rank list for nodes: [4, 5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9]

In [ ]

visualize_retrieved_nodes(new_nodes)

visualize_retrieved_nodes(new_nodes)

	Score	Text
0	0.824605	他采用了点画法的元素，这是一种将大量彩色小点应用到画布上的技术，以便从远处观看时，它们可以创建色彩的视觉混合。这种风格强调互补色（包括蓝色和橙色）形成鲜明对比的能力。 \t\t\t \t\t\t \t\t \t\t \t\t\t \t\t\t \t\t \t\t \t\t\t \t\t\t \t\t 在阿涅尔期间，梵高绘制了公园、餐馆和塞纳河，包括《阿涅尔的塞纳河桥》。1887年11月，提奥和文森特与刚到巴黎的保罗·高更成为朋友。年底，文森特在蒙马特区克利希大街43号的Grand-Bouillon Restaurant du Chalet餐厅组织了一场展览，参展者包括贝尔纳、安克坦，可能还有图卢兹-劳特累克。在同时代的记载中，贝尔纳写道，这场展览领先于巴黎的任何其他展览。在那里，贝尔纳和安克坦卖出了他们的第一批画作，梵高也与高更交换了作品。关于艺术、艺术家及其社会地位的讨论在展览期间开始，并持续扩展到包括展览的参观者，如卡米耶·毕沙罗及其儿子吕西安、西涅克和修拉。1888年2月，梵高感到巴黎的生活令人疲惫，离开了巴黎，他在那里两年期间创作了200多幅画作。在他离开前几个小时，在提奥的陪同下，他第一次也是唯一一次拜访了修拉的画室。 === Artistic breakthrough === ==== Arles (1888–89) ==== 1888年2月，梵高因饮酒生病并患有吸烟者咳嗽，前往阿尔勒寻求庇护。他似乎是带着建立艺术聚落的想法搬过去的。丹麦艺术家克里斯蒂安·穆里埃-彼得森成为了他两个月的伴侣，起初，阿尔勒看起来充满异国情调。他在一封信中将其描述为一个外国：“祖阿夫兵、妓院、准备首次圣餐的可爱小阿尔勒女人、穿着长袍看起来像危险犀牛的牧师、喝苦艾酒的人们，所有这些在我看来都像是来自另一个世界的生物。”在阿尔勒的这段时间成为了梵高创作最丰富的时期之一：他完成了200幅油画和100多幅素描及水彩。
1	0.822903	两年后，文森特和提奥资助出版了一本关于蒙蒂切利画作的书，文森特也购买了一些蒙蒂切利的作品加入他的收藏。梵高从提奥那里得知了费尔南德·科尔蒙的画室。他于1886年4月和5月在该画室工作，在那里他常与澳大利亚艺术家约翰·罗素的圈子交往，罗素在1886年为他绘制了肖像。梵高也结识了同学埃米尔·贝尔纳、路易·安克坦和亨利·德·图卢兹-劳特累克——后者用粉彩为他绘制了肖像。他们在朱利安“老爹”·坦盖的画材店相遇（当时那里是唯一展示保罗·塞尚画作的地方）。1886年，那里举办了两场大型展览，首次展出了点彩派和新印象派作品，并引起了对乔治·修拉和保罗·西涅克的关注。提奥在蒙马特大道上的画廊里收藏了印象派画作，但梵高对艺术的新发展反应迟缓。兄弟俩之间产生了冲突。1886年底，提奥发现与文森特同住“几乎无法忍受”。到1887年初，他们再次和睦相处，文森特搬到了巴黎西北郊的阿涅尔，在那里他认识了西涅克。他采用了点彩派的一些元素，这是一种将大量小色点应用于画布的技术，从远处看时会形成色彩的视觉融合。这种风格强调互补色（包括蓝色和橙色）形成鲜明对比的能力。 \t\t\t \t\t\t \t\t \t\t \t\t\t \t\t\t \t\t \t\t \t\t\t \t\t\t \t\t 在阿涅尔期间，梵高绘制了公园、餐馆和塞纳河，包括《阿涅尔的塞纳河桥》。1887年11月，提奥和文森特与刚到巴黎的保罗·高更成为朋友。年底，文森特在蒙马特区克利希大街43号的Grand-Bouillon Restaurant du Chalet餐厅组织了一场展览，参展者包括贝尔纳、安克坦，可能还有图卢兹-劳特累克。在同时代的记载中，贝尔纳写道，这场展览领先于巴黎的任何其他展览。
2	0.855685	Gauguin fled Arles, never to see Van Gogh again. They continued to correspond, and in 1890, Gauguin proposed they form a studio in Antwerp. Meanwhile, other visitors to the hospital included Marie Ginoux and Roulin.Despite a pessimistic diagnosis, Van Gogh recovered and returned to the Yellow House on 7 January 1889. He spent the following month between hospital and home, suffering from hallucinations and delusions of poisoning. In March, the police closed his house after a petition by 30 townspeople (including the Ginoux family) who described him as le fou roux "the redheaded madman"; Van Gogh returned to hospital. Paul Signac visited him twice in March; in April, Van Gogh moved into rooms owned by Dr Rey after floods damaged paintings in his own home. Two months later, he left Arles and voluntarily entered an asylum in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. Around this time, he wrote, "Sometimes moods of indescribable anguish, sometimes moments when the veil of time and fatality of circumstances seemed to be torn apart for an instant."Van Gogh gave his 1889 Portrait of Doctor Félix Rey to Dr Rey. The physician was not fond of the painting and used it to repair a chicken coop, then gave it away. In 2016, the portrait was housed at the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts and estimated to be worth over $50 million. \t\t\t \t\t\t \t\t \t\t \t\t\t \t\t\t \t\t \t\t \t\t\t \t\t\t \t\t \t\t \t\t\t \t\t\t \t\t ==== Saint-Rémy (May 1889 – May 1890) ==== Van Gogh entered the Saint-Paul-de-Mausole asylum on 8 May 1889, accompanied by his caregiver, Frédéric Salles, a Protestant clergyman. Saint-Paul was a former monastery in Saint-Rémy, located less than 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Arles, and it was run by a former naval doctor, Théophile Peyron. Van Gogh had two cells with barred windows, one of which he used as a studio. The clinic and its garden became the main subjects of his paintings.